Structure of ground

The soil consists of organic and mineral substances, air and water. There are two general types of soil - mineral and organic. Mineral soils are formed of the dismembered stones or a deposit received from stones. Organic soils are formed of accumulation of a material of plants, usually in damp conditions.

Mineral substances are structure of soil and include half of volume of mineral soil. Other half of volume of soil consists of emptiness or apertures. These emptiness are filled with water as the soil absorbs a rain or water streams, then water moves with air and evaporates, or is absorbed by roots of plants. The volume of organic substances is very low in soil, approximately 1 % or is less. The soil is biologically active matrix. It is the house for roots of plants, seeds, bacteria, sea seaweed and microorganisms.

Biologically active soil is a basis for a life of vegetation which requires nutrients. Such soil clears flowing waters and the important carbonaceous layer which influences concentration of atmospheric carbonic gas. Qualitative characteristics and properties of the earth by the nature are non-uniform, that causes presence of every possible kinds of structures. Such structures can pass from one kind in another as gradually, and sharp jumps. The soil structure depends on its many parametres: from mechanical and a soil chemical compound, from ability to absorb water, from quantity of humus and its quality and so on.

Let's consider soil principal views:

• Granular soil optimum for growth of plants. Such soil well absorbs a moisture, in her it is a lot of air, roots of plants easily get inside. For granularity of soil favorably entering of humus.
  


• The heavy soil has dense structure. In her clay contains, therefore she badly passes air and water. The heavy soil requires constant loosening, but thus she well keeps nutritious substancesà.
  


• The soil with dust structure - is not intended for growth of plants, because of its flowability. On such soil the vegetation and all water together with nutrients is badly kept leaves in the bottom layers.
  


• The sandy soil consists mainly of sand and contains not enough humus. On the properties she sticky. The sandy soil badly keeps a moisture in the top layer, therefore requires in frequent having watered.
  


• The sandy soil - most of all approaches for a garden. The moisture and nutrients is well kept in her. She is easy in processing.
  


• The clay soil is difficult in processing. At digging in her the big lumps are formed. Thus she well keeps nutrients. Plants on clay soils suffer from surplus of a moisture and an oxygen lack.
  


• The loamy soil is enough grainy also has a certain stock of nutrients with which it is necessary to fill up constantly.

For calculation of quantity and a kind of the fertilizers applied to improvement of quality of soil, tests of its qualitative structure become. Such tests give the information on the maintenance in her of phosphoric acid, potassium and magnesium, and also the information on acid reaction of soil.